lunes, 26 de noviembre de 2018

EXCERSICE INDIRECT QUESTIONS

"What's this?"
"Do you know what this is?"

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1"Where's the station?"
"Can you tell me ___________________________________________ ?"
2"Are you coming to the party?"
"Can you let me know if ___________________________________________ ?"
3"How does it work?"
"Can you explain ___________________________________________ ?"
4"What's the the matter?"
Please tell me ___________________________________________ ."
5"Where are you from?"
"I'd like to know ___________________________________________ ."
6"How long does it take to get there?"
"Do you know ___________________________________________ ?"
7"Has she reached a decision yet?"
"Has she told you whether ___________________________________________ ?"
8"What time are you leaving?"
"Do you know ___________________________________________ ?"
9"Does Annie know about computers?"
"I wonder whether ___________________________________________ ."
10"Excuse me. How do you get to the post office from here?"
"Could you tell us ___________________________________________ ?"
11"What are you doing?!"
"Do you have any idea ___________________________________________ ?!"
12"Could you lend me 50 Euros?"
"I don't suppose ___________________________________________ ."
13"Could you take me to the airport?"
"Is there any chance ___________________________________________ ?"
14"Does Susana like classical music?"
"I can't remember if ___________________________________________ ."
1"Where's the station?"
"Can you tell me where the station is?
2"Are you coming to the party?"
"Can you let me know if you're/are coming to the party?
3"How does it work?"
"Can you explain (to me) how it works?"  
4"What's the the matter?"
Please tell me what the matter is?"
5"Where are you from?"
"I'd like to know where you are from?" 
6"How long does it take to get there?"
"Do you know how long it takes to get there?" 
7"Has she reached a decision yet?"
"Has she told you whether she has reached a decision yet?" 
8"What time are you leaving?"
"Do you know what time you're/are leaving?"
9"Does Annie know about computers?"
"I wonder whether Annie knows about computers?" 
10"Excuse me. How do you get to the post office from here?"
"Could you tell us how /you get/we get/to get/ to the post office from here?"
11"What are you doing?!"
"Do you have any idea what you are doing?!"
12"Could you lend me 50 Euros?"
"I don't suppose you could lend me 50 Euros."
13"Could you take me to the airport?"
"Is there any chance you could take me to the airport?"
14"Does Susana like classical music?"
"I can't remember if Susana likes classical music."

VIDEO INDIRECT QUESTIONS



INDIRECT QUESTIONS

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I use indirect questions when I'm asking for help in the street, because they are very polite. Indirect questions start with a phrase like 'could you tell me...' or 'do you know...'. For example:

Direct question: Where is the bank?
Indirect question: Could you tell me where the bank is?


Notice that in the indirect question I put the verb ('is') after the subject ('the bank'), in the same way as I do with a normal positive sentence ('the bank is over there'), but in the direct question I put the verb 'is' before the subject 'the bank'. This is called inversion, and it is used to make direct questions in many verb tenses in English, but we don't use inversion in indirect questions. This is very similar to the grammar of reported questions. However, we use indirect questions in a different way from reported questions. Indirect questions are a way of being polite. They are very, very common in English, especially when you're talking to someone you don't know.

'Yes / No' Questions

To make an indirect 'yes / no' question, we use 'if' and the word order of a normal positive sentence. This is the same as for reported 'yes / no' questions. On the other hand, we don't usually need to 'backshift' (change the tense of the verb) as we do with reported questions.

Of course, most tenses make questions by using 'inversion' (changing the word order). To change from a direct 'yes / no' question with inversion to an indirect question, you add 'if' and change the word order back to a normal positive sentence. You don't need to use inversion.


'Yes / no' questions for tenses with inversion:
Verb TenseDirect QuestionIndirect Question
Present simple with 'be'Is he Spanish?Can you tell me if he is Spanish?
Present continuousIs the restaurant closing now?Can you tell me if the restaurant is closing now?
Past simple with 'be'Was he late for the meeting?Can you tell me if he was late for the meeting?
Past continuousWere you watching TV at 3pm?Can you tell me if you were watching TV at 3pm?
Present perfectHas Lucy been to Mexico?Can you tell me if Lucy has been to Mexico?
Present perfect continuousHas she been living here long?Can you tell me if she has been living here long?
Past perfectHad she found this job when she moved here?Can you tell me if she had found this job when she moved here?
Past perfect continuousHad she been living here long when she met you?Can you tell me if she had been living here long when she met you?
Future simple with 'will'Will she start her new job next week?Can you tell me if she will start her new job next week?
Future simple with 'going to'Is it going to rain later?Can you tell me if it is going to rain later?
Future continuousWill Lisa be meeting the boss later?Can you tell me if Lisa will be meeting the boss later?
Future perfectWill he have finished the report by tonight?Can you tell me if he will have finished the report by tonight?
Future perfect continuousWill he have been studying French for twenty years when he retires?Can you tell me if he will have been studying French for twenty years when he retires?
Modal verbsShould we start now?Can you tell me if we should start now?

'Yes / no' questions with tenses that use 'do / does / did':

Sometimes you want to make an indirect question using the present simple of any verb except 'be' or the past simple of any verb except 'be'. These tense make direct questions by using 'do / does / did'. When we want to make indirect 'yes / no' questions using these tenses, we need 'if' and we don't need 'do / does / did'.
Verb TenseDirect QuestionIndirect Question
Present simple with any verb except 'be'Does David live in London?Can you tell me if David lives in London?
Past simple with any verb except 'be'Did Amanda call John yesterday?Can you tell me if Amanda called John yesterday?

'Wh' Questions

In the same way as with reported 'wh' questions, we use the question word and the word order of a normal positive sentence to make indirect 'wh' questions. We don't need to use inversion. Again, we also don't usually need to 'backshift' (change the tense of the verb) as we do with reported questions.

To change a direct question to an indirect question for tenses that make questions using inversion, you just add 'if' and change the word order back to a normal positive sentence.

'Wh' questions for tenses with inversion:
Verb TenseDirect QuestionIndirect Question
Present simple with 'be'Why is he unhappy?Can you tell me why he is unhappy?
Present continuousWhen is the restaurant closing?Can you tell me when the restaurant is closing?
Past simple with 'be'Why was he late for the meeting?Can you tell me why he was late for the meeting?
Past continuousWhat were you doing at 3pm?Can you tell me what you were doing at 3pm?
Present perfectWhere has Lucy been?Can you tell me where Lucy has been?
Present perfect continuousHow long has she been living here?Can you tell me how long she has been living here?
Past perfectWhy had she quit her job before she moved here?Can you tell me why she had quit her job before she moved here?
Past perfect continuousHow long had she been living here when she met you?Can you tell me how long she had been living here when she met you?
Future simple with 'will'When will she start her new job?Can you tell me when she will start her new job?
Future simple with 'going to'When is it going to rain?Can you tell me when it is going to rain?
Future continuousWhat time will Lisa be meeting the boss?Can you tell me what time Lisa will be meeting the boss?
Future perfectWhen will he have finished the report?Can you tell me when he will have finished the report?
Future perfect continuousHow long will he have been studying French when he retires?Can you tell me how long he will have been studying French when he retires?
Modal verbsWhat should we do now?Can you tell me what we should do now?

'Wh' questions for tenses with 'do / does / did':

Sometimes you want to make an indirect 'wh' question using the present simple of any verb except 'be' or the past simple of any verb except 'be'. Usually these tenses make questions by using 'do / does / did'. However, when we want to make indirect 'wh' questions using these tenses, we don't need 'do / does / did'. Instead, we use a question word and then normal positive sentence word order.
Verb TenseDirect QuestionIndirect Question
Present simple with any verb except 'be'Where does David live?Can you tell me where David lives?
Past simple with any verb except 'be'Why did Amanda call John yesterday?Can you tell me why Amanda called John yesterday?

Common Problems

It can be difficult to remember to put the verb after the subject, especially when the indirect question is in the present simple tense of 'be'. For example, we need to say:

Could you tell me where the station is?

NOT:

Could you tell me where is the station?

EXERCISE DEFINITE ARTICLE/ ZERO ARTICLE

Grammar Exercise - Definite Article Zero Article

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Do the exercise below on articles and click on the button to check your answers.

(Before doing the exercises you may want to read the lesson on articles )

Definite article (the) or zero article (X)

  1. Did you get married after leaving  university ?
  2. I was at  train station when you called me.
  3. I left  work at six o'clock pm.
  4. They are opening  new shops here.
  5. She was returning from  school when I met her.
  6. She has a strong alibi. She was at  cinema at the moment the crime was committed.
  7. Are you going to  beach this afternoon?
  8. He went to  prison for domestic violence.
  9. The kids are sitting at  table eating cereals.
  10. Are you at  home?
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  1. Did you get married after leaving XTrue university ?
  2. I was at theTrue train station when you called me.
  3. I left XTrue work at six o'clock pm.
  4. They are opening XTrue new shops here.
  5. She was returning from XTrue school when I met her.
  6. She has a strong alibi. She was at theTrue cinema at the moment the crime was committed.
  7. Are you going to theTrue beach this afternoon?
  8. He went to XTrue prison for domestic violence.
  9. The kids are sitting at theTrue table eating cereals.
  10. Are you at XTrue home?

viernes, 23 de noviembre de 2018

DEFINITE ARTICLE THE / ZERO ARTICLE


DEFINITE ARTICLE THE / ZERO ARTICLE



DEFINITE ARTICLE



Imagen relacionada



Los artículos definen a un nombre y siempre están situados delante del nombre. En inglés, a diferencia del castellano, no tienen género ni forma plural. En castellano decimos “el coche” (género masculino, singular) o “las casas” (género femenino, plural) y en inglés es “the car” y “the houses”. “The” corresponde a los siguientes artículos en español: el, la, los, las.




Ejemplos:
Masculino/singular
The boy(el niño)
The book(el libro)
Masculino/plural
The boys(los niños)
The books(los libros)
Femenino/singular
The girl(la niña)
The table(la mesa)
Femenino/plural
The girls(las niñas)
The tables(las mesas)
Este artículo puede ir precedido de las preposiciones “of” o “to”. En inglés no hay contracción de preposición y artículo (“Del” = “of the” y “al” = “to the”).
Ejemplos:
The days of the week(Los días de la semana)
I am going to the garden.(Me voy al jardín.)

Uses Of The Definite Article (Usos del artículo determinado)

1. Cuando sabemos de quién o de qué estamos hablando. Utilizamos “the” para indicar algo o alguien en particular, por ello se llama definido. Hablamos de algo o alguien concreto que tanto el emisor como el receptor del mensaje conocen porque ya ha salido anteriormente en la conversación o porque los dos lo conocen previamente.
Ejemplos:
What is the name of the restaurant?(¿Cuál es el nombre del restaurante?)
Do you remember the day we went to New York?(¿Recuerdas el día que fuimos a Nueva York?)
Who is the president of the United States?(¿Quién es el presidente de los Estados Unidos?)
The doctor is very good.(El médico es muy bueno.)
2. Con los nombres de regiones geológicas, cadenas de montañas, mares, océanos, grupos de islas, ríos y países en plural.
Ejemplos:
The United States(Los Estados Unidos)
The Netherlands(Los Países Bajos)
The Andes(Las montañas Andes)
The Atlantic Ocean(El océano Atlántico)
The Canary Islands(Las islas Canarias)
The Nile River(El río Nilo)
3. Para hacer referencia a direcciones (right, left, top, bottom) y a los puntos cardinales (north, south, east, west).
Ejemplos:
the south of France(el sur de Francia)
the house on the left(la casa de la izquierda)
the top of the page(la parte superior de la página)
4. Con los adjetivos en grado superlativo y números ordinales.
Ejemplos:
the tallest building(el edificio más alto)
the strongest man(el hombre más fuerte)
the first time(la primera vez)
the second floor(la segunda planta)

When Not To Use The Definite Article (Cuando no usamos el artículo determinado)

1. Cuando hablamos de algo en general.
Ejemplos:
I like ice cream.(Me gusta el helado.)
Math is difficult.(Las matemáticas son difíciles.)
2. Nunca utilizaremos “the” cuando nos referimos a la televisión, las horas de las comidas, los días de la semana, la hora, los meses del año, las estaciones o los años.
Ejemplos:
I do not like to watch television [TV].(No me gusta ver la televisión [tele].)
I have an appointment on Monday.(Tengo una cita el lunes.)
We eat breakfast at 9:00.(Comemos el desayuno [Desayunamos] a las 9:00.)
3. Con instituciones y modos de transporte, cuando estamos hablando en general.
Ejemplos:
We like school.(Nos gusta la escuela.)
I go to work by train.(Voy al trabajo en tren.)
They go to church on Sundays.(Van a la iglesia los domingos.)
4. No se utiliza el artículo con nombres de ciudades ni nombres de lugares en general, aunque hay algunas excepciones como hemos visto en el apartado anterior. Además, no se utiliza el artículo con lagos o calles.
Ejemplos:
I went to Lake Titicaca.(Fui al lago Titicaca.)
She lives on Flores Street.(Vive en la calle Flores.)
Resultado de la imagen para artículo definido

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"Zero article"

'Zero article' es la ausencia del artículo (determinado o indeterminado), es decir, cuando el sustantivo no necesita ir a acompañado de 'a', 'an' o 'the'.
El 'zero article' se utiliza:
 1  Para hablar de algo en general.
Computers are useful nowadays.
Los ordenadores son útiles hoy en día.
I like fruit.
Me gusta la fruta.
 2  Con la hora o los días de la semana.
At half past three, on Monday..
 3  Cuando hablamos del desayuno, la comida, la merienda o la cena.
Breakfast is at 8.30.
El desayuno es a las 8.30.
 4  Delante de los idiomas.
English is very useful.
El inglés es muy útil.
I find Chinese very difficult.
Encuentro que el chino es muy difícil.
 5  Delante de actividades, oficios y juegos.
She plays tennis.
Juega al tenis.
She loves painting.
Le encanta pintar.
I like fishing.
Me gusta pescar.
 6  Delante de shool, prison, hospital...
Con nombres como "prison", "school", "college, "hospital", "university", "church"... no se usa el artículo determinado cuando nos referimos a ellos realizando la función propia que se desempeña en esos lugares.
My daughter goes to school.
Mi hija va al colegio (a estudiar).
He is in hospital.
Está en el hospital (ingresado).
Sin embargo, cuando nos referimos al edificio se usa el artículo determinado "the".
She went to the prison.
Ella fue a la cárcel (a visitar a alguien).
He is in the hospital.
Está en el hospital (visitando a alguien).
 7  Delante de bed, home, work.
Tampoco se usará el artículo determinado "the" delante de expresiones como:
Go to bed/be in bed.
Irse a la cama/estar en la cama.
Go to work/start work.
Ir al tragajo/comenzar el trabajo.
Go home/arrive home/be at home.
Ir a casa/llegar a casa/estar en casa.
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EXCERSICE INDIRECT QUESTIONS

"What's this?" "Do you know what this is?" 1 "Where's the station?" "Can you te...